Pre-war
1914
Outbreak of the war
1915
1916
1917
1918
End of the war
Post-war

Martin Mutschlechner

Chapter

Franz Joseph: the ageing emperor

Towards the end of the century the term ‘Fortwursteln’ (‘muddling through’) was coined to describe Emperor Franz Joseph’s policies. The political decision-makers saw no possibility of finding solutions for the pressing problems that beset the Monarchy on all sides.

Chapter

"Two branches of one nation" – Czechoslovakism as a political programme

The definition of the Czechoslav nation usual in the Habsburg empire covered the speakers of Slavic dialects in Bohemia, Moravia and Upper Hungary. These were regarded as a single entity, as was also apparent in the official lists of linguistic circumstances, where Czech and Slovak were mostly recorded together.

Chapter

The rise and fall of Austro-Slavism

Austro-Slavism as an ideological programme of the Slavs under Habsburg rule regarded the Austrian empire as the optimum political framework for the existence of the Slav peoples of central Europe. They demanded the restructuring of the empire into a federalist state and the equality of the Austrian Slavs in order to ensure their unrestricted development.

Chapter

Together we are strong: Pan-slavism and "Slavdom"

The utopia of the unification of all Slavs, which from the pan-Slav point of view were interpreted as being one single nation, served the smaller Slav peoples of central Europe as an initial basis for their efforts towards national emancipation, while the Germans and the Hungarians saw it as the nightmare of "extinction in a sea of Slavs".

Chapter

Romanians vs. Magyars: the case of Transylvania

Despite the ethnic background, the Transylvanian Romanians identified initially with the Hungarian crown. Their enthusiasm for Hungarianism waned in 1867, however, as a reaction to the Magyarization of the Hungarian half of the empire.

Chapter

The role of the clergy in the development of Romanian national awareness

In view of the absence of social elites – the nobility in the Romanian settlement areas of the Habsburg Monarchy were Magyar, and the urban bourgeoisie Magyar and German with considerable Jewish, Greek and Armenian elements – the Romanian intelligentsia was recruited mainly from the clergy.

Chapter

The Romanians in the Habsburg Monarchy

In spite of the numbers – according to the 1910 census, 6.4 per cent of the population of Austria-Hungary belonged to the Romanian language group – the Romanians were an underprivileged nation.

Chapter

István Graf Tisza: Hungary’s ‘strong man’

With his national feudal views, Count István Tisza was a typical representative of the Hungarian gentry, who dominated Hungary’s political landscape around 1900. As Hungarian minister president, he cultivated an authoritarian style with distant loyalty to Vienna and an uncompromising attitude to the demands of ethnic minorities.

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