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“The German women during the war”, picture sheet

Because men were called to the front, there was a shortage of labour at home, which could only be made good by the female population. Women took on traditionally male functions and served inter-alia as bus conductresses, street cleaners, coach drivers and lantern lighters. From: Hirschfeld, Magnus and Gaspar, Andreas: Sittengeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, 1st edition, Leipzig/Vienna 1930, Vol. 1, 11

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    Dwindling birth rates during the First World War

    Since the turn of the century there had been a marked drop in the birth rate throughout central Europe. Because of the deteriorating supply situation during the war, the number of births dwindled even further between 1914 and 1918.